隨著我國經濟的迅速發展和城市化步伐的加快推進,我國農村居民的生活水平大大改善.農村供水事業不斷發展,由于淋浴、洗衣機、沖廁等衛生設施的普及,農村生活排水不斷增加,生活污水未經處理沿道路邊溝或路面排放至就近水體,對農村生態環境造成了嚴重危害,已經成為新的區域性水環境的重要污染源.在這樣的契機與形勢下,居民生活小型污水處理設備在廣大的農村地區已經并將繼續得到廣泛的推廣與應用.

1.物理(li)(li)(li)(li)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa):經過物理(li)(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)用(yong)分離、回收廢水(shui)中不溶解的呈懸(xuan)浮狀況的污染(ran)物（包括(kuo)油膜和油珠）的廢水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa),可(ke)分為(wei)重力(li)分離法(fa)、離心分離法(fa)和篩濾(lv)截留法(fa)等.以(yi)熱交換原理(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)根(gen)底的處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)也歸于(yu)物理(li)(li)(li)(li)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa).生活(huo)污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設備
2.化學(xue)(xue)(xue)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa):經(jing)過化學(xue)(xue)(xue)反應(ying)(ying)和(he)傳(chuan)質作(zuo)用(yong)來(lai)分離、去(qu)除廢水中(zhong)(zhong)呈溶解、膠體狀(zhuang)況的污染物(wu)或(huo)將(jiang)其轉(zhuan)化為(wei)無害(hai)物(wu)質的廢水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa).在化學(xue)(xue)(xue)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong),以(yi)(yi)投加藥(yao)劑發生化學(xue)(xue)(xue)反應(ying)(ying)為(wei)根底(di)的處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)單(dan)元是:混凝(ning)、中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)、氧化復原等;而以(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)質作(zuo)用(yong)為(wei)根底(di)的處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)單(dan)元則有:萃(cui)取、汽提、吹脫、吸(xi)附、離子交換以(yi)(yi)及電滲析和(he)反滲透(tou)等.后(hou)兩(liang)種處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)單(dan)元又合稱為(wei)膜分離技能.其中(zhong)(zhong)運(yun)用(yong)傳(chuan)質作(zuo)用(yong)的處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)單(dan)元既具(ju)有化學(xue)(xue)(xue)作(zuo)用(yong),又有與之相關的物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)用(yong),所以(yi)(yi)也可從化學(xue)(xue)(xue)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)分出(chu)來(lai) ,成(cheng)為(wei)另一(yi)類處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),稱為(wei)物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)化學(xue)(xue)(xue)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa).
3.生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa):經過微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)代謝作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),使廢(fei)水(shui)中呈溶液(ye)、膠體(ti)以及微細懸浮狀況的(de)(de)(de)有機污染物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為穩(wen)定、無害的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa).依據作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)不同,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)又(you)(you)可分(fen)為需氧生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)和(he)厭氧生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)兩(liang)種類型.廢(fei)水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廣泛運用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)需氧生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa),按傳(chuan)統,需氧生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)又(you)(you)分(fen)為活性(xing)污泥(ni)(ni)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜法(fa)(fa)(fa)兩(liang)類.活性(xing)污泥(ni)(ni)法(fa)(fa)(fa)自(zi)身就(jiu)是(shi)一種處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)單元(yuan),它有多(duo)種運轉(zhuan)方式.歸于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)設備有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)濾池(chi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)盤、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)觸摸氧化(hua)(hua)池(chi)以及生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)流化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)等.生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氧化(hua)(hua)塘法(fa)(fa)(fa)又(you)(you)稱自(zi)然生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa).厭氧生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa),又(you)(you)叫生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)復原處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa),首(shou)要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)高濃度有機廢(fei)水(shui)和(he)污泥(ni)(ni).運用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)設備首(shou)要(yao)為消化(hua)(hua)池(chi).

4.生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)觸(chu)摸(mo)(mo)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)法(fa):用(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)觸(chu)摸(mo)(mo)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)法(fa)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廢水(shui),即用(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)觸(chu)摸(mo)(mo)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)反應(ying)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)充(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao),已經(jing)充(chong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)浸沒(mei)悉數填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao),并(bing)以一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)流速(su)流經(jing)填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao).在(zai)(zai)(zai)填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)上(shang)(shang)布滿生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo),污(wu)(wu)水(shui)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)廣泛觸(chu)摸(mo)(mo),在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)上(shang)(shang)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)陳出(chu)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下,污(wu)(wu)水(shui)中有機污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)得到去除,污(wu)(wu)水(shui)得到凈化(hua).*后,處(chu)(chu)理(li)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)廢水(shui)排入生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)觸(chu)摸(mo)(mo)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)理(li)系(xi)統與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)混合(he)后進行(xing)處(chu)(chu)理(li),氯(lv)消毒后合(he)格排放.生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)觸(chu)摸(mo)(mo)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)法(fa)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)介于(yu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法(fa)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濾池(chi)(chi)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)法(fa)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi),其特點是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)設(she)置填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao),池(chi)(chi)底曝(pu)氣(qi)對污(wu)(wu)水(shui)進行(xing)充(chong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang),并(bing)使池(chi)(chi)體內(nei)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)于(yu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動(dong)狀況,以確保污(wu)(wu)水(shui)同浸沒(mei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)充(chong)分觸(chu)摸(mo)(mo),避免(mian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)觸(chu)摸(mo)(mo)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)池(chi)(chi)中存在(zai)(zai)(zai)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)與(yu)填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)觸(chu)摸(mo)(mo)不均的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian),這種(zhong)曝(pu)氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)稱謂鼓(gu)風曝(pu)氣(qi).

國內外一般都采用(yong)生化辦法(fa)處(chu)理(li)生活污水(shui),因為(wei)生活污水(shui)的BOD5/CODcr≈0.5,可(ke)生化性強(qiang).觸(chu)摸氧化法(fa)具有(you)容積(ji)負荷高,停留時間短,有(you)機物去除作用(yong)好,運轉簡略(lve)和占地面積(ji)小等優點.